初中英语知识点(初中化学知识点)

  

初三英语复习资料,哪种较好!推荐一下!!谢谢


  如果你成绩还不错,数学的话那就多去找一点中考最后一题做一做,全国的中考都找一点点。因为我们老师说,中考很有可能题目是历年其他地方的中考试题,毕竟中考这么多年了,不重复不可能。在我福州,有个中考状元,他就是这么复习的,然后就刚好遇到差不多的题目,毕竟对于好学生来说,成败都在最后几提的,其他的别人都会做的,毕竟是中考要让那些成绩不好的人毕业的。语文的话,就去找阅读做,对于好学生成败在阅读和作文,毕竟语基大家都会做,老师也都会复习的。多去找找中考作文,要注意审题障碍的。英语的话,英语我不好,不过我认为就去做阅读和新题型,像完形填空神马的。知识点神马的老师应该会将,所有不用在意。如果是不是好学生,只是想毕业,那么就去吧所有的基础看一遍。说白了就是看书看笔记。尽量吧好拿的分拿到,好拿的绝对不丢。还有,考前去看看关于亲情友情的作文,写人记事的作文,方便套题。但是不要一模一样,要更改写题材,比如主题啊之类的东西  呼~~~~~~~打完了。纯手打啊,这个就是我的观点,望采纳O(∩_∩)O~  

帮我把初中英语语法和知识点很详细总结下了


  一般现在时  定义:一般现在时,又称现在现在时。表示经常、反复发生的动作,经常存在的状态或者习惯性动作(有时间规律发生的事件)的一种时间状态。(很拗口,但是要学会就必须深刻体会)   I work.Do I work?I do not work.Do I not work?You work.Do you work?You do not work.Do you not work?We work.Do we work?We do not work.Do we not work?They work.Do they work?They do not work.HE(She,It) works.Does he(she,it) work?He(She,It) does not work.Does he(she,it) not work?形式: 主语+be(表状态)或 主语+动词原形+宾语(表动作)  标志词(时间状语):always, every week (day, year, month…), once a week,   every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday uauslly often,never,hardly..........  用法:1.表示经常的或习惯性的动作,常与表示频率的时间状语连用。  时间状语: always, usually,regularly,every morning/night/evening/day/week,often,sometimes,occasionally,from time to time,twice a week,rarely,seldom,once a month, hardly, ever,never.  I leave home for school at 7 every morning.  2.表示主语具备的性格、能力、特征和状态。  I don"t want so much.  3.表示客观事实和普遍真理。  The earth moves around the sun.  4.在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,常用一般现在时代替将来时。  5.表示预先计划或安排好的行为。  6.小说故事用一般现在时代替一般过去时。新闻报道类的内容,为了体现其“新鲜”性,也用一般现在时来表示过去发生的事情。  7.有些表示状态和感觉的动词表示现在发生的具体行为时,只用一般现在时,而不用进行时态。  8.表示现在发生的具体动作或存在的状态  9表示格言或警句中。  Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。  一般过去式The past Indefinite tense   1.概念:过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为;  2.时间状语:  ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week,last(year, night, month…), 具体时间, just now, at the age of , one day, long ago, once upon a time(很久以前), etc.   3.动词变化规则:  规则变化:直接加ed,  work-- worked ,  以e结尾的单词,直接加d,  make~·made不规则变化:  have/has -- had,eat--ate ,see--saw  4.基本结构:  be动词;行为动词 的过去式  5.否定形式:was/were+not;在行为动词前加didn"t,同时还原行为动词。   6.一般疑问句:was或were放于句首;用助动词do的过去式did 提问,同时还原行为动词。   7.例句:  She often came to help us in those days.   I didn"t know you were so busy.  8.一般过去式的构成形式:    肯定式  疑问式 否定式 疑问否定式I workedDid I work?I did not workDid I not work?He(she,it) workedDid he(she,it) work?He (she,it)did not workDid he(she,it)not work?We workedDid we work?We did not workDid we not work?You workedDid you work?You did not workDid you not work?They workedDid they work?They did not workDid they not work?一般过去时表示  (1)过去某个特定时间发生,也可以表示(2)过去习惯性的动作。一般过去时不强调动作对现在的影响,只说明过去。   句式:主语+过去动词+其他  I had a word with Julia this morning.  (1) He *** oked many cigarettes a day until he gave up.   (2) 一般过去时常与表示过去的时间状语或从句连用,如:yesterday, last week, in 1993, at that time, once, during the war, before, a few days ago, when 等等。   一般过去时的基本用法   1 带有确定的过去时间状语  如:yesterday、two days ago、last year、the other day、once upon a time、 just now、in the old days、before liberation、 When I was 8 years old、at+一个时间点  Did you have a party the other day?  一般将来时 (The Simple Future tense)  构成:(1)am/is/are going to + do (2) will/shall + do(3) am/is/are + doing (现在进行时表将来)  1) shall用于之一人称单数,如:shall I,常被will 所代替,二者都可以缩写成"ll。  will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称。  Which paragraph shall I read first?  2) be going to +动词原形,表示将来。  3. 主语的意图,即将做某事。  What are you going to do tomorrow?  4. 计划,安排要发生的事。  The play is going to be produced next month。  5. 有迹象要发生的事。  Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.  6) be +不定式表示将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。  We are to discuss the report next Saturday.  7) be about to +动词原形,意为马上做某事。  He is about to leave for Beijing.  1.一般将来时的基本概念   一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态,或将来某一段时间内经常的动作或状态。一般将来时由助动词shall(之一人称),will(第二、三人称)+动词原形构成。美国英语则不管什么人称,一律用will。   2.一般将来时的形式   ●will 常简略为 "ll,并与主语连写在一起,如:I"ll,he"ll,it"ll,we"ll,you"ll,they"ll。   ●一般疑问句如用will you…?其简略答语须是Yes,I will或 No,I will not;如用 Shall you…?(较少见)其简略答语须是 Yes,I shall.或 No, I shall not.  3.用法   1)表示将来的动作或状态   一般将来时常与一些表示将来的时间状语连用,如:   tomorrow,next week,from now on;in the future;someday 等。   2)表示将来经常发生的动作。   4.一般将来时的其他用法   一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态,其表达形式除了“shall(之一人称),will(第二、三人称)+动词原形构成”外,还有以下几种形式。   1)“be going to+动词原形”表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事。例如:   It is going to rain.   2)go, come,start,move,sail,leave,arrive,stay,live,fly,等可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作,例如:   I"m leaving for Beijing.   3)“be to+动词原形”表示按计划要发生的事或征求对方意见。例如:   Are we to go on with this work?   4)“be about to+动词原形”表示即将发生的动作。后面一般不跟时间状语。例如:   We are about to leave.   5)某些词,如come, go, leave, arrive, start, get, stay ,live,fly等的一般现在时也可表示将来。   The meeting starts at five o"clock.会议五点开始。   过去将来时表示从过去的某一时间来看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用于宾语从句和间接引语中。   过去将来时的构成  肯定句:主语+be(was,were)going to+动词原形~.   否定句:主语+be(was,were)not going to+动词原形~.   疑问句:Be(Was,Were)+主语+going to+动词原形~?   肯定句:主语+would(should)+动词原形~.   否定句:主语+would(should)not+动词原形~.   疑问句:Would(Should)+主语+动词原形~?   过去将来时的构成   和一般将来时一样,只不过把助动词be变为过去式,把will,shall变为过去式。   例句:I didn"t know if he would come.   =I didn"t know if he was going to come.   2.过去将来时常可用来表示过去习惯性的动作。此时,不管什么人称,一律用would。   This door wouldn"t open.   Whenever he had time,he would do some reading.   一般过去将来时的基本用法:  一般过去将来时表示在过去将来的某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态。一般过去将来时常用在间接引语中,主句谓语动词为过去时态。如:  You know I would come.     过去将来时有时可带时间状语。如:  He said he would come back the next day. 现在进行时(The PresentContinuous Tense).   现在进行时的构成是:主语+be+动词ing〔现在分词〕形式  之一人称单数 I+am+doing+sth  之一人称复数 We+are+doing +sth  第二人称单复数 You+are+doing +sth  第三人称单数 He(She,it)+is+doing+sth  第三人称复数 They+are+doing +sth  现在进行时的定义:现在进行时表示现在或当前一般时间正在进行的动作。可以表示有计划的未来。 现在分词变化规则  1.直接+ ing(例:sleep+ing sleeping)  2.去e+ing(例:bite-e+ing biting)  3.重读闭音节,且末尾只有1个辅音字母,双写辅音字母+ing(例:sit+t+ing sitting)  4.特殊变化:die-dying,lie-lying,tie-tying  5.不规则变化  现在进行时的基本用法:  A. 表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。  例:We are waiting for you.  B. 习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行。  例:Mr. Green is writing another novel.   (说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态。)  例:She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.  C.已经确定或安排好的将来活动  I"m leaving for a trek in Nepal next week.  D.有些动词(状态动词不用于进行时态)  1.表示知道或了解的动词:believe,doubt,forget,imagine,know, remember,realize,suppose,understand  2.表示“看起来”“看上去"appear,resemble,seem  3表示喜爱或不喜爱hate,like.lover.prefer  4表示构成或来源的动词 be come from.contain,include  5表示感官的动词 hear see *** ell sound taste   6表示拥有的动词belong to.need.own .possess.want wish  

初中英语语法大全


  1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、 look at (感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump   2 (比较级 and 比较级) 表示越来越怎么样   3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟(容易) 4 agree with *** 赞成某人   5 all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整个 世界   7 along with同……一道,伴随…… eg : I will go along with you我将和你一起去   the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树   8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的   10 ask for ……求助 向…要…(直接接想要的东西) eg : ask you for my book   11 ask *** for sth 向某人什么   12 ask *** to do sth 询问某人某事 ask *** not to do 叫某人不要做某事   13 at the age of 在……岁时 eg:I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen   14 at the beginning of …… ……的起初;……的开始   15 at the end of +地点/+时间 最后;尽头;末尾 eg : At the end of the day   16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候   17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句 感觉/对什么有信心,自信   eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test   18 be + doing 表:1 现在进行时 2 将来时   19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原) 能够…… eg : She is able to sing She can sing   20 be able to do sth 能够干什么 eg :she is able to sing   21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧,害怕…… eg : I"m afraed to go out at night I"m afraid of dog   22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么   eg: I"m allowed to watch TV 我被允许看电视 I should be allowed to watch TV 我应该被允许看电视   23 be angry with *** 生某人的气 eg : Don"t be angry with me   24 be angry with(at) *** for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气   25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样 eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高   26 be ashamed to 27 be away from 远离 28 be away from 从……离开   29 be bad for 对什么有害 eg : Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes 在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好   30 be born 出生于 31 be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事 be busy with sth 忙于……   32 be careful 当心;小心 33 be different from…… 和什么不一样   34 be famous for 以……著名 35 be friendly to *** 对某人友好   36 be from = come from 来自 eg :He is from Bejing He comes from Bejing Is he from Bejing ? Does he come from Bejing ?   37 be full of 装满……的 be filled with 充满 eg: the glass is full of water the glass is filled with water   38 be glad+to+do/从句 39 be going to + v(原) 将来时   40 be good at(+doing) = do well in 在某方面善长, 善于……   41 be good for 对什么有好处 eg : Reading aloud is good for your English   42 be happy to do 很高兴做某事   43 be helpful to *** 对某人有好处   eg : Reading aloud is helpful to you 大声朗读对你有好处   Exercising is helpful to your bady 锻炼对你的身体有好处   44 be in good health 身体健康   45 be in trouble 处于困难中 eg : She is in trouble They are in tronble   46 be interested in 对某方面感兴趣   47 be late for = come late to 迟到 eg: Be late for class 上课迟到   48 be like 像…… eg : I"m like my mother   49 be mad at 生某人的气   50 be made from 由……制成(制成以后看不见原材料)   51 be made of 由……制成(制成以后还看得见原材料) 52 be not sure 表不确定   53 be on a visit to 参观 54 be popular with *** 受某人欢迎   55 be quiet 安静 56 be short for 表**的缩写 eg: 陶 is short for 陶俊杰   57 be sick in bed 生病在床 58 be sorry to do sth be sorry for *** eg : I am sorry for you   59 be sorry to hear that 60 be sorry to trouble *** eg : I am sorry to trouble you   61 be strict in doing sth 严于做某事 eg : He"s strict in obeying noles   62 be strict with *** 对某人要求严格 eg: Some students are not strict with them selves 这些学生对自己不严格   63 be strict with *** in sth 某方面对某人严格 64 be supposed to do 被要求干什么   65 be sure 表确定 66 be sure of doing sth 对做某事有信心 eg: He is sure of winning I am sure of learning English well   67 be sure of sth 对做某事有信心 eg: I"m sure of my head (my teacher 我相信我的大脑(老师)   68 be sure that sth 对做某事有信心 eg: I"m suer that he can pass the test 我相信他能通过考试   69 be sure to do sth一定会做某事eg: We are sure to pass the test 我们一定会通过这次考试 We are sure to learn English well 我们一定能学好英语   70 be terrified of + 名/动doing 害怕…… 71 be terrified to do sth 害怕做某事   72 be the same as … 和什么一样 73 be used to doing sth 习惯做某事   eg: My father is used to getting up early 我爸爸习惯早He is used to sleeping in class 他习惯上课睡觉   74 be worth doing 值得做什么 75 be(feel) afraid to do sth 害怕做某事be afraid of sth 害怕某物 be afraid that 丛句   76 because+句子 because of +短语   eg : He was late because he had a headache He was late because of his headache   77 begin to do = start to do 开始做某事 start…with…=begin…with… 以什么开始什么   eg : Let"s begin the game with the song I begin to go home   78 between…and… 两者之间   79 borrow sth from *** 向……借…… lend sth to *** ( lend *** sth 借给……什么东西   eg : I borrowed a pen from him he lent a pen to me ( he lent me a pen   80 both = the same(as) = not different(from) 表相同   81 bother 打扰 bother *** to do sth   eg : I"m sorry to bother you ,but can you tell me to way to the station   我十分道歉打扰你,但是你能告诉我怎么去车站   the problem has been bothering me for weeks 这个问题困扰了我几个周了   He"s bothering me to lend him money   82 by the end of 到……为止 83 call *** sth eg : We call him old wang   84 care 关心 eg : Don"t you care about this country"s future ?你为什么不关心国家的未来   85 catch up with *** 赶上某人 86 chat with *** 和某人闲谈 take *** to + 地点 带某人去某地   87 come in 进88 come over to 过来   89 come up with 提出 eg: Can you come up with a good idea 你能想出一个好办法吗?   90 communicate with *** 和某人交流   91 consider + doing 考虑做什么 eg : Why not consider going to lu zhou 为什么不考虑去泸州?   92 dance to 随着……跳舞 eg : She likes dancing to the music 她喜欢随着音乐跳舞   93 decide to do sth 决定做某事 94 do a survey of 做某方面的调查 95 do better in 在……方面做得更好   96 do wrong 做错 97 Don"t forget to do sth 不要忘了做某事 98 Don"t mind +doing /从句 /名词 不要介意……   99 each +名(单)每一个…eg : Each student has many books 每一个学生都有一些书 100 end up +doing 101 enjoy +doing喜欢 102 escape from 从……逃跑eg: The prisoners have escaped from the prison犯人从监狱里逃跑出来 103 expect to do sth 期待做某事 104 fall down 摔下来 fall off 从哪摔下来 105 fall in love with *** /sth 爱上什么   106 far from 离某地远 eg : The school is far from my home 107 find +it +adj +to do 发现做某事怎么样   108 find *** /sth +adj 发现什么怎么样 eg : I find the book interesting 109 finish 完成+doing(名词)   110 fit to *** = be fit for *** 适合某人 111 forget to do 没有做而忘了 forget doing 做了而又忘了 eg: Don"t forget to go home I forget closing door 112 from…to… 从某某到某某 eg: From me for her   113 get /have sth down 做完,被(别人)做…eg: I have my hair cut 我理了发(头发被剪了)   Tom got his bad tooth pulled out 汤母把他的坏牙拔掉了(被牙医拔掉了)   114 get a part-time job= find a part-time job 115 get along well with *** = get on well with *** 与某人相处得好   116 get along with *** = get on with *** 与某人相处 117 get ready for = be ready for为什么而准备eg : I get ready for math I am ready for math 118 get *** in to trouble 给某人麻119 get *** to do sth   120 get…from… 从某处得到某物 121 give a talk 做报告 eg: He is give a tall   122 give sth to *** give *** sth 给某人某物 123 go fish 钓鱼 go swimming 游泳   124 go on to do 去做下一件事 go on doing 继续做这件事 125 go out away from go out of   126 go to school 上学(用于专业的)go to the school 去学校(不一定是上学) 127 good way to 好方法   128 hate to do 讨厌没做过的事 hate doing 讨厌做过的事   129 have a party for *** 举办谁的晚会 130 have a talk 听报告 谈一谈   131 have been doing 现在完成进行时 eg : You have been talking You have been sleeping since   132 have been to …( 地方)……去过某过地方 have gone to …(地方) 去了某地还没回来   133 have fun +doing 玩得高兴 134 have sth to do 有什么事要做   eg: I have a lot of homework to do 我有很多家庭作业要做 I have nothing to do 我没什么事情做   135 have to do sth 必须做某事   136 have trouble (problem) (in) doing sth 做什么事情有麻烦   137 have…time +doing   138 have…(时间)…off 放……假 eg: I have month off 我请一个月得假   139 hear *** +do/doing 听见某人做某事/正在做某事   140 help a lot 很大用处   141 help *** with sth \one"s sth 帮助某人某事(某方面) help *** (to) do sth 帮助某人做某事   142 hope to do sth 希望做某事   143 How about(+doing) = What about(+doing)   144 how do you like = what do you think of 你对什么的看法   145 if : 是否=wether   eg: I don"t know if (wether) I should go to the party 我不知道我是否应该去参加晚会   He don"t know if (wether) we will arrive on time tomorrow morning 他不知道我们明天早上是否能准时到达   146 if :如果,假如(全部接一般时态)+条件语态从句   eg: I"ll go to LuZhou if it does"t rain 假如明天不下雨,我就去泸州   If they change the plan they will let me know 假如他们要改变计划,他们会让我知道的   I"ll go to England ,if I have enough money next year 如果我明年由足够的钱,我就要去英国   147 in one"s opinion = *** think 某人认为   148 in some ways 在某些方面   149 in the end = finally(adv) 最后   150 in the north of… 什么在什么的北方 (north 北 sowth 南 west 西 east 东 )  

初中英语语法总结


  英语的时态(tense)是一种动词形式,不同的时态用以表示不同的时间与方式。   下面就英语中常见的八种基本时态进行阐述,其它的时态都是在这八种时态的基础上结合而成的。   一、 一般现在时:   1.概念:经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。   2.时间状语: always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays,   3.基本结构:动词 原形 (如主语为第三人称单数,动词上要加(e)S)   4.否定形式:am/is/are+not;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词,则在其前加don"t,如主语为第三人称单数,则用doesn"t,同时还原行为动词。   5.一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首;用助动词do提问,如主语为第三人称单数,则用does,同时,还原行为动词。   6.例句:. It seldom snows here.   He is always ready to help others.   Action speaks louder than words.   二、 一般过去时:   1.概念:过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。   2.时间状语:ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.   3.基本结构:be动词;行为动词   4.否定形式:was/were+not;在行为动词前加didn"t,同时还原行为动词。   5.一般疑问句:was或were放于句首;用助动词do的过去式did 提问,同时还原行为动词。   6.例句:She often came to help us in those days.   I didn"t know you were so busy.   三、 现在进行时:   1.概念:表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。   2.时间状语:now, at this time, these days, etc.   3.基本结构:am/is/are+doing   4.否定形式:am/is/are+not+doing.   5.一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首。   6.例句: How are you feeling today?   He is doing well in his lessons.   四、 过去进行时:   1.概念:表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。   2.时间状语:at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。   3.基本结构:was/were+doing   4.否定形式:was/were + not + doing.   5.一般疑问句:把was或were放于句首。   6.例句:At that time she was working in a PLA unit.   When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.   五、 现在完成时:   1.概念:过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。   2.时间状语:recently, lately, since…for…,in the past few years, etc.   3.基本结构:have/has + done   4.否定形式:have/has + not +d one.   5.一般疑问句:have或has。   6.例句:I"ve written an article.   It has been raining these days.   六、 过去完成时:   1.概念:以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”。   2.时间状语:before, by the end of last year(term, month…),etc.   3.基本结构:had + done.   4.否定形式:had + not + done.   5.一般疑问句:had放于句首。   6.例句:As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.   By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books   七、 一般将来时:   1.概念:表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。   2.时间状语:tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc.   3.基本结构:am/is/are/going to + do;will/shall + do.   4.否定形式:was/were + not; 在行为动词前加didn"t,同时还原行为动词。   5.一般疑问句:be放于句首;will/shall提到句首。   6.例句:They are going to have a competition with us in studies.   It is going to rain.   八、 过去将来时:   1.概念:立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来,常用于宾语从句中。   2.时间状语:the next day(morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc.   3.基本结构:was/were/going to + do;would/should + do.   4.否定形式:was/were/not + going to + do;would/should + not + do.   5.一般疑问句:was或were放于句首;would/should 提到句首。   6.例句:He said he would go to Beijing the next day.   I asked who was going there 柒·小寒^^ 2008-01-10 02:40 检举  

初中英语语法总结~~~


  1. 动词的时态   1.1 一般现在时的用法   1) 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语: every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。  2) 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。  3) 表示格言或警句。   4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性  比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。   I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。   之一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。   1.2 一般过去时的用法   1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如:时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如:   2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。例如:   3)句型:It is time for *** . to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了"。例如:It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。   It is time that *** . did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该……了" ,例如It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。   would (had) rather *** . did sth. 表示"宁愿某人做某事"。例如:I"d rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。   4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等,而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。例如:I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。   比较:Christine was an invalid all her life.(含义:她已不在人间。)   Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含义:她现在还活着)   注意: 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。   1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。   2)情态动词 could, would  1.3 used to / be used to   used to + do:"过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。   be used to + doing: 对……已感到习惯,或"习惯于",to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。  1.4 一般将来时   1) shall用于之一人称,常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称。   2) be going to +不定式,表示将来。   a. 主语的意图,即将做某事。例如:What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢?   b. 计划,安排要发生的事。例如:The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。   c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如:Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云,快要下雨了。   3) be +不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。   4) be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事。   注意:be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。   1.5 be going to / will 用于条件句时,be going to表将来,will表意愿。   1.6 be to和be going to   be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事,be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。例如:   I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。(客观安排)   I"m going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。(主观安排)   1.7 一般现在时表将来   1)下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如:   The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。   When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开?十分钟后。   2)以here, there等开始的倒装句,表示动作正在进行。例如:   Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。   There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。   3)在时间或条件句中。例如:   When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后,让他等我。   I"ll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里,就写信给你。   4)在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如:   I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。   Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 离开房间前,务必把窗户关了。   1.8 用现在进行时表示将来   下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如:   I"m leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。   Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗?   11.9 现在完成时   现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成:have (has) +过去分词。   1.10 比较一般过去时与现在完成时   1)一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。   2)一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。   一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now等,皆为具体的时间状语。   现在完成时的时间状语:for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等,皆不确定的时间状语。   共同的时间状语:this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。   3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。   一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如:   I saw this film yesterday. (强调看的动作发生过了)   I have seen this film. (强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了)   Why did you get up so early? (强调起床的动作已发生过了)   Who hasn"t handed in his paper? (强调有卷子未交,疑为不公平竞争)   He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续)   He has been a League member for three years. (是团员的状态可持续)   句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如yesterday, last, week, in 1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。   (错)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.   (对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.   1.11 用于现在完成时的句型   1)It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。例如:   It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我之一次访问这城市。   This is the first time (that) I"ve heard him sing. 这是我之一次听他唱歌。   注意:It was the third time that the boy had been late.   2)This is +形容词更高级+that…结构,that 从句要用现在完成时。例如:   This is the best film that I"ve (ever) seen. 这是我看过的更好的电影。   注意:非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。   (错)I have received his letter for a month.   (对)I haven"t received his letter for almost a month.   1.12 比较since和for   Since 用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如:   I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。   I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。   注意:并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。   I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作。)   I have worked here for many years.(现在我仍在这里工作。)   注意:用句型转换的方法,很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。   1)(对) Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.   2)(错) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.   显然,第二句不对,它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.   1.13 since的四种用法   1) since +过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。例如:   I have been here since 1989. 1989起,我一直在这儿。   2) since +一段时间+ ago。例如:   I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿,已经有五个月了。   3) since +从句。例如:   Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后,变化可大了。   Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后,变化可大了。   4) It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如:   It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有两年了。   1.14 延续动词与瞬间动词   1) 用于完成时的区别   延续动词表示经验、经历; 瞬间动词表示行为的结果,不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如:   He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果)   I"ve known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)   2) 用于till / until从句的差异   延续动词用于肯定句,表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句,表示"到……,才……"。例如:   He didn"t come back until ten o"clock. 他到10 点才回来。   He slept until ten o"clock. 他一直睡到10点。   1.15 过去完成时   1) 概念:表示过去的过去   ---|----------|--------|----> 其构成是had +过去分词构成。   那时以前 那时 现在   2) 用法   a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如:   She said (that)she had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。   b. 状语从句   在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。例如:   When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时,小偷们早就跑了。   c. 表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…"。例如:   We had hoped that you would come, but you didn"t. 那时我们希望你能来,但是你没有来。   3) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如:   He said that he had learned some English before. 他说过他以前学过一些英语。   By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年,爱迪生开始自己谋生。   Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.   汤姆失望了,因为他到达晚会时,大部分客人已经走了。   注意: had hardly… when 还没等…… 就……。例如:   I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我刚打开门,他就打了我。   had no sooner…than 刚…… 就……。例如:   He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他刚买了这辆车,转眼又卖了。   1.16 用一般过去时代替过去完成时   1) 两个动作如按顺序发生,又不强调先后,或用then,and,but 等连词时,多用一般过去时。例如:   When she saw the mouse,she screamed. 她看到老鼠,就叫了起来。   My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子,我把它丢了。   2 ) 两个动作相继发生,可用一般过去时;如之一个动作需要若干时间完成,用过去完成时。例如:   When I heard the news, I was very excited.   3) 叙述历史事实,可不用过去完成时,而只用一般过去时。例如:   Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.   1.17 将来完成时   1) 构成will have done   2) 概念   a. 状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如:   They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。   b. 动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如:   You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时,你已经到达上海了。   1.18 现在进行时   现在进行时的基本用法:   a. 表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。例如:   We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。   b. 习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行。例如:   Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在写另一部小说。(说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态。)   c. 表示渐变,这样的动词有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如:   The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。   It"s getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。   d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如:   You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。   1.19 不用进行时的动词   1)表示事实状态的动词,如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如:I have two brothers. 我有两兄弟。   This house belongs to my sister. 这房子是我姐的。   2)表示心理状态的动词,如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如:I need your help. 我需要你的帮助。   He loves her very much. 他爱她很深。   3)瞬间动词,如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如:   I accept your advice. 我接受你的劝告。   4)系动词,如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, *** ell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如:   You seem a little tired. 你看上去有点累。   1.20 过去进行时   1)概念:表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。   2)过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景;一个长动作延续的时候,另一个短动作发生。   3) 常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如:   My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟骑车时摔了下来,受了伤。   It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时,正下着雨。   When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到达山顶时,阳光灿烂。